PSA Composite Fibers and Membranes

PSA Composite Fibers and Membranes Polysulfonamide/nano titanium dioxide (PSA/nano-TiO2) composite spinning solutions with various nano-TiO2  mass fractions were prepared using the solution blending method. The corresponding composite fibers were developed by wet-spinning technology and the composite membranes were prepared using the digital spin-coating technique. The properties of PSA/nano-TiO2 composite fibers and membranes were investigated by scanning electron  microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, etc. The effects of nano-TiO2 and its  mass fractions on the mechanical properties, thermal stability and ultraviolet resistance of PSA composites were  also analyzed. The experimental results showed that nano-TiO2 with low mass fractions can be dispersed evenly  in the PSA matrix; the blending of nano-TiO2 had no obvious influence on the molecular structure and the chemical composition of PSA fiber; the crystallization in PSA fiber was promoted at low nanoparticles mass f ractions  because it can act as a nucleation agent; the mechanical properties and the thermal stability of PSA/nano-TiO2  composites can be enhanced obviously by blending nano-TiO2 into PSA matrix. The ultraviolet resistance of PSA  composites can be improved significantly with the increasing nano-TiO2 mass fractions and the 7 wt.% specimen  showed the lowest UV transmittance. Polysulfonamide (PSA) fiber is a new kind of hightemperature resistant material and it has outstanding  heat resistance, flame retardancy, and thermal stability,  therefore, it can be used to develop protective products used in aerospace, high-temperature environments  and civil fields with the flame retardant requirements  (Ren, Wang, Zhang, 2007; Wang, 2009). However,  raw PSA generally demonstrates poor ultraviolet resistance and the amide groups in polymer molecular  chains are prone to break down under the ultraviolet  radiation; besides, the breaking tenacity of PSA fibers  is low; these properties lead to some difficulties in its  manufacturing procedures and limit its application in  developing functional textiles. Therefore, it is a challenging work to improve the mechanical properties  and ultraviolet resistance of PSA. It has been proved that nano-TiO2 is one of the  ideal nano-enhanced materials and it has attracted great  scientific attention because of its excellent mechanical  properties in significantly improved properties of composites (Ali, Shadi, Shirin, Seyedeh, Khademno,  2010; Han Yu, 2005). Moreover, nano-TiO2 is good  semiconductor oxides and it has excellent ultraviolet  scattering and absorption (Popov, Priezzhev, Lademann, Myllylà ¤, 2005). It is feasible to blend nanoTiO2 into PSA matrix to improve the mechanical properties and ultraviolet resistance of PSA composites. Experimental Materials The PSA polymer was used as spinning solution with  intrinsic viscosity of 2.0–2.5 dL/g and relative molecular  mass of 462. The rutile titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2)  was blended as functional particles with a diameter ranging from 30 to 50 nm and the rutile content of nano-TiO2  was about 99%. The dimethylacetamide (DMAC) was  selected as dissolvent in this study. The above materials  were provided by Shanghai Tanlon Fiber Co. Ltd. All the  chemicals used here were of reagent grade and they were  used without further purification. Preparation of PSA/nano-TiO2 composites A certain amount of nano-TiO2 was predispersed in  DMAC using ultrasonic vibration for 30min; and thenadded into the PSA solution. The PSA/nano-TiO2  composite spinning solutions with various mass fractions of nanoparticles was prepared after mechanical stirring for 1 h and ultrasonic vibration for 2 h. The  experimental data are shown in Table 1. The pure PSA fibers and PSA/nano-TiO2 composite fibers were developed by a small-scale and singlescrew wet spinning apparatus. Besides, the pure PSA  membrane and PSA/nano-TiO2 composite membranes  were prepared using the SJT-B digital spin-coating  instrument. The preparation procedures of nanofibers  and membranes can be referred to the previous studies  (Chen, Xin, Wu, Wang, Du, in press; Xin, Chen,  Wu, Wang, in press). Test methods The dispersion of nanoparticles in PSA composites  S-3400N scanning electron microscope (SEM) with a  resolution of 4 nm was used to characterize the dispersion of nano-TiO2 in PSA matrix. The machine was  operated at 5 kV. FTIR spectroscopy Thermo Nicolet AVATAR 370 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to characterize the  molecular structure and chemical composition of  fibers; each spectrum was collected by cumulating 32  scans at a resolution of 4 cm_1 X-ray diffraction X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of the crystalline structure of fibers were recorded on k780  FirmV_06 X-ray diffraction using the CuKÃŽ ± radiation  (ÃŽ » = 0.15406 nm). The spectra were obtained at 2h  angles range of 5o –60o with a scanning speed of 0.8 s/ step. Mechanical properties test YG006 electronic single fiber strength tester was used  to investigate the mechanical properties of fibers. The  sample gage length was 10mm. The elongation speed  was set at 20mm/min. The measurements for each  sample were carried out 10 times and the average wasThe thermal stability test  The thermal stability of fibers was measured by Germany STA PT-1000 Thermal Gravimetric Analyzer  (Linseis Inc., New Jersey, USA); the experiment was  conducted under nitrogen atmosphere with a gas flow  of 80–100ml/min; the samples were heated up to  700 °C from the room temperature at a heating rate of  20 °C/min. Ultraviolet resistance test Labsphere UV-1000F Ultraviolet Transmittance Analyzer (Labsphere, Inc., North Sutton, NH, USA) was  used to test the UV transmittance of membranes. The  instrument parameters were described as below: the  absorbance was 0–2.5A; scanning time was about 5 s;  data interval was 1 nm and the diameter of beam was  10mm. The measurements for each sample were carried out for 10 times and the average was used for the  result discussion. Results and discussion The distribution of nano-TiO2 in PSA composites As demonstrated in Figure 1, 1 wt.% of nano-TiO2 can  be dispersed evenly throughout the PSA matrix and the  size of nanoparticles is about 50–60 nm; with the nanoTiO2 mass fraction increased to 3 wt.%, a little aggregation can be observed; when the mass fraction of nanoTiO2 increased to 5 or 7 wt.%, its dispersion in PSA  becomes inhomogeneous because of their large specific  surface and high surface polarity, and the aggregation  size is about 100–300 nm. It is difficult for nano-TiO2  with high mass fractions to distribute uniformly in the  PSA blending system. FTIR analysis of PSA/nano-TiO2 composite fibers   As shown in Figure 2, the position and shape of characteristic peaks of PSA composites blending with nanoTiO2 did not change obviously compared with the pristine PSA. The characteristic peaks of PSA composites  exhibiting at about 3338.99 cm_1  can be attributed to the amide N–H stretching vibration and the peaks are  flattened slightly with the mass fractions of nano-TiO2  increased from 1 to 7 wt.%. It ascribes to the quantum  size effect of nanoparticles (Zhang Mou, 2001). In  conclusion, it shows no significant changes to the  molecular structure and chemical composition of PSA  fibers with the addition of nano-TiO2. XRD analysis of PSA/nano-TiO2 composite fibers  As depicted in Figure 3, the PSA composite fibers have  diffraction peaks at 27.54 °, 36.15 °, 41.35 °, and 54.40 °,  this is because of the blending of nano-TiO2 (Chen,  Liu, Zhang, Zhang, Jin, 2003; Xia Wang, 2002). In addition, all the specimens have diffraction peaks at  about 11.85 ° and 21.25 °. The sharp diffraction peaks  corresponding to 11.85o  indicate that there are crystalline structures in PSA/nano-TiO2 composite fibers  (Yang, 2008). Besides, the sharpness of the diffraction  peaks at about 11.85 ° of composites enhances gradually with the nano-TiO2 mass fractions increased from  1 to 5 wt.%. It suggests that the crystallization in PSA  can be improved with the blending of nano-TiO2,  because it can act as a nucleation agent. Moreover, the  shape of diffraction peaks exhibiting at 21.25 ° of PSA  composites broadens significantly with the increasing  nano-TiO2 mass fractions and it proves that the size of  crystal region becomes smaller (Meng, Hu, Zhu,  2007). The mechanical properties of PSA/nano-TiO2 composite fibers As illustrated in Table 2, the breaking tenacity of PSA  composite fiber with 1 wt.% nano-TiO2 improved  obviously; however, the improving degree of breaking  tenacity begins to decrease with the continuous  increase in mass fractions of nano-TiO2 and the value  of the 7 wt.% sample is lower than the pure PSA. This is because nano-TiO2 is an ideal nano-enhancedmaterial; the blending of it into PSA can improve the  mechanical properties of composites to some extent. Moreover, nano-TiO2 with low mass fractions can be  distributed evenly in PSA matrix and it can form a  good interface with PSA molecular chains. As can be seen in Table 2, the composite fibers have  low elongation at break which is lower than the raw  PSA; simultaneously, the initial modulus of composites  increased significantly, however, the improvement  begins to decrease with the mass fractions of nano-TiO2  increased from 1 to 5 wt.% and the 7 wt.% sample has  the minimum value of the initial modulus. It suggests  that the blending of nano-TiO2 with low mass fractions  can improve the mechanical properties of PSA composite fibers to a certain extent. The thermal stability of PSA/nano-TiO2 composite  fibers TG curves and derivative thermogravimetric analysis  (DTG) curves of PSA/nano-TiO2 composite fibers are  demonstrated in Figures 4 and 5, respectively. The  main parameters of the curves are presented in Table 3. In Figure 4, the thermal decomposition behaviors of  specimens are divided into three regions. The first region is a stage of small mass loss ranging from room temperature to 400 °C. As depicted in  Figure 4, each TG curve has a sharp decrease in the  beginning and then reaches a platform with the temperature heating up to 350 °C. However, the mass loss  of PSA composites blending with nano-TiO2 is always  lower than the pure PSA during this process. As  shown in Table 3, the T10wt of each PSA composite is  high, whereas the mass loss of pure PSA reached 10%  at 170.19 °C. This suggests that it is hard for the PSA  composites to decompose and the thermal stability is  significantly higher than PSA. The second region is a stage of thermal decomposition process ranging from 400 to 600 °C. According  to the analysis of bond energy (Zhang, Cheng, Zhao, 2000), the C–N section of amide in PSA macromolecular chains decomposes at 500–600 °C (Broadbelt, Chu, Klein, 1994a, 1994b) and the mass loss  of PSA at this stage is attributed to the gases released  such as SO2,NH3, and CO2. In addition, as illustrated  in Table 3, the To of PSA composites blending with 1  and 3 wt.% nano-TiO2 can be increased; therefore, its  thermal stability can be improved correspondingly.   As exhibited in Figure 4, the mass loss of specimens accelerates steadily with the increasing temperature and each TG curve presents a rapid  decomposition at about 500 °C. Corresponding to the  rapid decomposition, there is a peak in DTG curve  shown in Figure 5 and the Tmax can be determinedaccording to the value of the maximum peak (Yang,  2008). The third region is a high-temperature phase of  carbon formation ranging from 600 to 700 °C. As  demonstrated in Figure 4, the PSA composites still  show a slight decomposition during this stage;  besides, the mass loss of pure PSA decreases obviously. As illustrated in Table 3, the residual mass of  composites at the terminal temperature is higher than  the pure PSA. Therefore, it is concluded that the thermal stability  of PSA composites blending with nano-TiO2 can be  improved significantly. The ultraviolet resistance As exhibited in Figure 6, the ultraviolet transmittance of specimens ranging from 390 to 400 nm  decreases gradually with the increase in mass fractions of nano-TiO2. This suggests that the nanoTiO2 can improve the ultraviolet resistance of PSA  composites significantly. This is because the refraction index (RI) of nano-TiO2 is extremely high  (2.73) and it has excellent ultraviolet scattering  properties (Liu, Tang, Zhang, Sun, 2007). In  addition, electrons in nano-TiO2 are transited from  the valence band to the conduction band under the  ultraviolet radiation; therefore, the nano-TiO2 has  outstanding ultraviolet absorption properties. Conclusions The PSA composite fibers and membranes with different mass fractions of nano-TiO2 were developed. The experimental results can be summarized as follows: (1) The nano-TiO2 with low mass fractions (1 or 3  wt.%) can be distributed evenly in the PSA  blending system; however, it is difficult for  nano-TiO2 with high mass fractions (5 or 7 wt.  %) to disperse homogeneously throughout the  PSA matrix. (2) The blending of nano-TiO2 showed no obvious  changes to the molecular structure and chemical  composition of PSA composite fibers. (3) The crystallization of PSA composite fibers can  be improved by blending with low mass fractions of nano-TiO2, because it can act as a  nucleation agent. (4) The breaking tenacity and initial modulus of 4 5 ance % (a) (b) (c) PSA composite fibers can be improved obviously by blending with low mass fractions of  nano-TiO2; whereas the elongation at break  of PSA composite was decreased with the  particles mass fractions increased from 1 to 7  wt.%. (5) The thermal stability of PSA composites can be  increased significantly and the nano-TiO2 has  some influences on the To, T10wt, and Tmax of  PSA composites compared with the pure PSA. (6) The blending of nano-TiO2 can improve the  ultraviolet resistance of PSA composites signifi-  cantly and the 7 wt.% specimen had the lowest  UV transmittance.

Medical Experimentation

In today's society things have changed rustically over time in law enforcement to the point that a shown act of kindness by an officer is seen as a bad thing at times. An officer is known in the professional field as a public servant, this means that they can put on the coat of many and play many roles in a community. Although an officer has duties that must be carried out on a daily basis it must be done within the guidelines of the law.All state and local laws have codes for all laws and the punishment that can be given if convicted of these particular crimes, but as an officer there is certain discretion that can be used and he offender may get off with Just a warning. This is a part of an officers Job that sometimes will come back to haunt them. Many times an officer may give a person a warning on a simple crime and later down the road the same person commits the same offense on a higher level, now the questions that would be asked are how does this affect the community? Is there a standard for officers that show discretion? , and is this ethical in the law enforcement community? This paper will discuss the different ways that this topic could be critical to the criminal Justice community. Police Discretion Deputies and officers in day to day society faced with a vast array of situations on a daily basis that they must deal with. Law enforcement officers handle lots of issues and no two encounters or situations are the same.Officers are on the streets daily and put into positions where they usually have to handle certain situations alone, and have little advice or intermediate supervision. This makes up the heart of discretion in an officer. The research shows that acts of discretion by officers have benefits and problems that follow these acts. Sometimes these acts can evolve into he denial of citizens' rights. According to Engel (2007), â€Å"By discretion, we in the field of criminal Justice are generally referring to official actions by criminal Justic e officials, based on individuals' Judgments about the best course of action.Research shows that discretion can be when an officer uses legal sanctions. This can be when an officer is on a traffic stop, giving a ticket or making an arrest. The time when an officer is most at odds to use discretion is in a case of use of force: weather the amount of force or weather to use any at all. (Hunter 1985; Terrible et al. 2002. ) One there broad use could be when an officer has to make a decision on dividing the amount of services or various duties that are to be performed. Engel 2007). A prime example would be when on patrol and answering a call, assisting a stranded motorist, the amount of time spent assisting , and a third would be non-sanction, and non- service that an officer will perform such as community policing. Further research that was conducted shown by Goldstein, describes discretion in another way: Choosing Objectives Choosing Methods of intervention Choosing how to dispose of cases Choosing investigative measures Choosing Field proceduresIssuing Permits and Licenses Benefits The research that was conducted shows that Goldstein states that the natures of police work require some use of discretion in the work environment. In his work he says that officers operate in an environment that on a frequent basis where officers are alone in a community where there are citizens their presence is needed, Research in communities show that officers must make quick decisions and usually without input from other sources.Although there is a chain of command these acts of discretion must be done without going up the chain of command. Goldstein (1977) ND Walker and Katz (2002) also point out that the very nature of â€Å"the law' is such that, in many cases, officers discretion extends to interpreting the meaning of the statutory text. It becomes, therefore, impossible to enforce the law equally due to the wide interpretation that can be a particular law'.Other benefits f rom the use of discretion may be based on economics and the resources that a department may have. In many cities to make a long story short there are Just not enough officers, jails, prisons, courts, or community based programs to handle the amount of people that are processed through the criminal Justice system. Goldstein says that officers must use discretion on a daily basis in their work place because if an officer did not use discretion when answering calls then they would be completely occupied all the time.Problems While there are benefits there are also problems with police discretion, research shows that in all agencies officers are all different and have different make up and ways of handling situations. The lack of consistency is a major problem for citizens because they never know what to expect from that particular officer. When a community builds distrust in an officer it not only creates problems with the public ND police but also can create unwarranted confrontation in communities. All too many times we see this in the news.The one major problem of distrust and the police is when human rights are violated; this can cause major uproars in communities (Engel 2007; Bittier 1974). Conclusion It is shown that police discretion has it good and bad effects in a community. The total need of a community and how they are policed and the services that are provided, discretion most of the time provides sometimes trust but as seen in the research can also provide distrust. It provides for the quick, sometimes split second, session-making process that is involved

The Most Ignored Fact Regarding Postgraduate Scholarship Essay Samples Revealed

The Most Ignored Fact Regarding Postgraduate Scholarship Essay Samples Revealed The decision to work in education wasn't random. By taking these classes, you get a superior grasp of the company side of a provider too. Being part of a superior educational institution can be rather costly. Nowadays it's very challenging to go into the university without having deep pockets. You do not need to fill numerous order forms, get a lot of passwords at nearly every step of order. How much you could earn while your paper work is being done by somebody, who knows the way to do it correctly! You simply have to pass a very simple procedure of authorization, click buy research papers, fill a simple purchase form and that's it! Simply think beyond the box and go from the ordinary. The Benefits of Postgraduate Scholarship Essay Samples The ending of your scholarship application essay has become the most significant part the piece. For instance, the author addresses the manner that American history classes do not normally address about the Vietnam War, despite the fact that it happened just a limited time ago. It's simple to point out an essay that's been written solely for the interest of it. Writing a scholarship essay demands much time to set the words on paper and blend the sentences, to be able to convey the proper meaning. The Lost Secret of Postgradua te Scholarship Essay Samples Scholarship essay prompts are extremely tricky, so you need to read and re-read it multiple times to recognize key themes. Since it's a request, the letter ought to be written politely. On the interview day, you must carry all vital documents. Scholarships are provided by various government and non-government agencies. Without knowing appropriate essay making, your probability of going into a superior college are slim. If you're asking for a scholarship, odds are you're likely to should compose an essay. They can be the conclusive factor into whether you get in the academy that you dream about. With our essay help you may be certain nobody shall get a better mark for the work than you. Don't forget to begin your essay strongit should have the capacity to spark the interests of your readers. Ielts essay topics task two zoology. The main reason why some scholarships need an essay component is because the sponsors desire to provide money to students that are serious about there academic career. Our friendly scholarship essay help support will answer all the questions that you have. Remember that all scholarship applications are different, and that means you might have to design your essay to satisfy those particular requirements. When you're tackling your scholarship application essay try to bear in mind that it's an important bit of writing that is worth more then merely a grade evaluation. Postgraduate Scholarship Essay Samples - Overview Citations and extracts from assorted sources have to be formatted properly. The total format of your essay, for example, font size and margins, will solely are based on the instructions offered to you. Be sure to follow along with the suitable format, consisting of the general pieces of an essay. While scholarship essay format won't provide you any credentials, they ought to be able to direct you properly on how best to compose the appropriate essay. These forms of essays are guaranteed to doze off your readers. Scholarship essay isn't a paper at which you can forgive yourself misspellings or formatting inaccuracy. The scholarship essays can be found in heaps on the internet, but all of them might not be of the exact same quality. We have a vast array of talented freelance writers and you've got an opportunity to select the writer you prefer. If you purchase essays online, it's really important to understand whether the work is still in process or has been finished. Turning into a writer for our firm is quite challenging. You can be in contact with your writer in order for the procedure for collaboration is trouble-free and fun.

Code of Conduct Us Military - 950 Words

Conducting yourself under the Code Of Conduct Task: Comply with the requirements of the code of conduct. Conditions: In a classroom setting Standard: Act according to the standards presented in article 1 through article 6 of the code of conduct shown in basic warrior skills 3-21 Risk Assessment: Low Today we will be conducting a class on the U.S. Armies Code of Conduct. Article 1 states â€Å"I am an American, fighting in the forces, which guard my country and our way of life. I am prepared to give my life in their defense.† What does that mean to you? The code applies to all U.S. forces at all times whether in active combat, in captivity, or in peacetime situations. Members of the U.S. Armed Forces have a duty to†¦show more content†¦I will trust in my god and in the United States Of America† What does that mean to you? You are a member of the American armed forces and are at all times responsible for your own actions. Article 6 is designed to assist members of the armed forces to fulfill there responsibilities and survive captivity with honor. The Code of Conduct, E.O.10631, does not conflict with UCMJ, and the latter continues to apply to each military member during captivity or other hostile detention such as being taken hostage. Soldiers, whether detainees or captives, can be assured that the U.S. government will make every effort to obtain there earliest release. Faith in ones country and its way of life, Faith in ones fellow detainees or captives, and faith in ones self are essential to surviving with honor and resisting exploitation. 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